![]() ![]() Lockdown measures have been imposed people were quarantined schools, universities, nonessential businesses, and non-governmental organizations have been temporarily closed travels were restricted flights were canceled and mass public gathering as well as social events have been prohibited (Brodeur, Gray, Islam, & Bhuiyan, Reference Brodeur, Gray, Islam and Bhuiyan2020 Gourinchas, Reference Gourinchas2020).Ĭoupled with these measures, the COVID-19 outbreak had led to a significant slowdown in the world economic activities (Brodeur et al., Reference Brodeur, Gray, Islam and Bhuiyan2020 Gourinchas, Reference Gourinchas2020), triggering furloughs and layoffs (World Economic Forum, 2020), that led to the increase in the unemployment rate in many countries. Given the rapid spread of the COVID-19 virus, these countries have implemented several non-pharmaceutical measures intended to reduce its spread, such as social distancing. ![]() This crisis has started first in the city of Wuhan (China), which has witnessed in December 2019 the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has known a fast spread propelling its status to a global pandemic on March 11, 2020, by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2020b). It has heavily impacted economies, societies, employees, and organizations. COVID-19 is an unprecedented health crisis that has strongly shaken the whole world, plunging it into great fear and uncertainty. ![]()
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